This old standby may not be your first choice for pain relief, but it still has an important role in disease prevention and first aid.

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We have a lot to thank aspirin for. It’s cheap and plentiful. It does a good job of relieving pain and bringing down fevers. It has also been shown to reduce the risk of heart attack, stroke, and colon cancer. It can even stop heart attacks and strokes in their tracks. In fact, if you’re in your 50s or 60s, you may want to think about taking a low-dose aspirin every day.

After evaluating the results of scores of studies, in April 2016 the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) recommended that women and men ages 50 through 69 who have a 10% risk of a heart attack or stroke in the next 10 years take 81 milligrams (mg) of aspirin daily. Under the previous recommendations—which, were different for men and women—daily low-dose aspirin was advised for women ages 60 through 79 who were at increased risk for cardiovascular events. The recommendation was revised to reflect a new method of calculating the risk of heart attack and stroke and of increased risk of bleeding in older people.

Why aspirin works

Dr. Tanya Laidlaw, assistant professor of medicine at Harvard Medical School, suggests one way aspirin may work to ward off cardiovascular events: “We think that one of the reasons that taking an aspirin daily protects you is because it decreases platelet reactivity.” Aspirin inhibits cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1), an enzyme required to manufacture thromboxane—a chemical that encourages platelets to clump together to form blood clots. Heart attacks and strokes are commonly the result of clots that block blood flow in narrowed arteries of the heart or brain.

Dr. Laidlaw notes that higher doses of aspirin also inhibit a related enzyme, cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2). Both COX-1 and COX-2 are pivotal in the production of prostaglandins, which promote inflammation, a key player in both cardiovascular disease and colon cancer.

What to consider before you start taking a daily aspirin

There are a few reasons why you may not want to take a daily aspirin. Three of the most important follow.

• Your risk of heart disease and stroke is low. You can learn your risk using the calculator developed by the American College of Cardiology and the American Heart Association posted on the website, www.cvriskcalculator.com. The USPSTF used the calculator in developing the recommendation. If you aren’t likely to benefit from aspirin, the calculator will let you know. However, you should double-check the results with your doctor.
• You have an increased risk of bleeding. If you’ve had gastrointestinal upsets from taking aspirin or other nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) like naproxen (Aleve) or ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin) or if you bleed for a long time after a cut or scrape, talk to your doctor.
• You are sensitive to aspirin. Aspirin-exacerbated respiratory disease (also known as AERD) is a chronic medical condition that consists of asthma, recurrent sinus disease with nasal polyps, and sensitivity to aspirin and other NSAIDs. Approximately 10% of all adults with asthma and 40% of people with asthma and nasal polyps are sensitive to aspirin and NSAIDs, and the problem is more common in women than in men. “If you’ve had a reaction to another NSAID, you should talk with your doctor before taking aspirin for any reason,” Dr. Laidlaw advises.

Some more studies proving how asprin can be of benefit in a first aid kit and reduce the sudden impact of a heart attack or stroke. We will discuss the use of asprin in our first aid courses in Canberra.  Please note the article has been changed to suit Australian emergency numbers.

EMI SOUTHGATE, of Fair Lawn, was just 2 years old when she had her first allergic reaction to peanuts.

“Emi had eaten peanuts and peanut butter without problems as a baby,” says her mother, Mishuku. But while the family was having dinner in a restaurant in 2011, they were served a dish containing peanuts and Emi had a reaction. Though Emi immediately spit out the food, “she got hives and vomited, and we knew something was wrong,” Mishuku says. “After giving her Benadryl, we rushed her to the hospital and concluded that it must have been the peanuts.”

The Southgates were referred to Patricia Hicks, director of allergy and immunology at The Valley Hospital in Ridgewood. Hicks performed a peanut “challenge” on Emi and confirmed that the little girl was, indeed, allergic to the legume.

“A lot of scary things go through your mind as to what can happen and we feel lucky that Emi (now 6 years old) didn’t experience any breathing issues,” Mishuku says. She filled Emi’s prescription for an EpiPen Jr. and was trained alongside her daughter at the doctor’s office in how to administer the shot.

But a new study by British researchers has found that introducing peanuts into a child’s diet early may alter the immune system and help the child to build up a tolerance. The five-year study, involving hundreds of kids under age 1 and considered at high risk for developing peanut allergies, indicated that those who received regular peanut protein were at much less risk of developing a peanut allergy by age 5.

CONDITION ON THE RISE

Pediatric peanut allergies have increased dramatically in the past 10 to 15 years and are estimated to affect 1 percent to 3 percent of all children in westernized countries, according to the American Academy of Allergy Asthma & Immunology. They are the most prevalent of allergies among kids, along with those involving eggs and milk.

“Years back, schools always had an EpiPen — a syringe containing a vial of epinephrine (adrenaline), which safely and successfully treats acute allergic reactions by keeping airwaves open and maintaining blood pressure and other vital signs — in their first-aid kit, but the need for it was rare,” Hicks says.

“Today, however, roughly one in 50 kids has a peanut allergy and a local school nurse recently told me that she now keeps 27 prescribed EpiPens in her office,” says the allergist, who has seen hundreds of kids with peanut allergies during more than 30 years of practice.

“Many of us carry an allergic reaction to a food, but also a blocking antibody that helps us develop tolerance,” Hicks says.

For kids who don’t have that tolerance, however, inhaling airborne particles from allergens such as peanuts can stimulate mast cells to respond, causing an elevated reaction. “This can result in acute symptoms — from minor swelling around the mouth to hives, vomiting, and respiratory distress and low blood pressure, which can become fatal,” Hicks says.

Jack Page, of Holmdel, was also 2 years old when he had his first peanut-related incident, which left him covered in hives within 30 minutes of eating peanuts. Fourteen years later, he knows all too well the issues of growing up with a peanut allergy.

Jack is vigilant about avoiding anything that would cause a reaction because, he says, it makes his throat “feel like it’s going to explode.”

All through school, “I had to sit at my own lunch table or, if someone near me had peanuts, I had to move,” says Jack, who’s now 16 and about to begin his junior year of high school at the Academy of Allied Health and Science in Neptune. “I couldn’t participate in birthday parties and often had to bring my own food. Some of the other kids would joke about it and it was hard.”

“Because they’re often singled out in school, one of the symptoms we see in some kids with peanut allergies is a sense of impending doom, which makes them afraid to travel, eat out or participate in family events,” Hicks says. “It can be very scary for children and can impact their whole family life.”

THE PEANUT PHENOMENON

According to organizations such as Food Allergy Research & Education (FARE), eight food groups — dairy, eggs, soy, wheat, peanuts, shellfish, fish and tree nuts — are responsible for 90 percent of today’s common food allergies. However, peanut allergies have become the leading cause of anaphylaxis and death involving food allergies over the past two decades.

This trend has driven the debate about what has triggered a phenomenon that most people from previous generations never experienced or could even fathom. When it first happened to her son, for example, Jack’s mother, Dani Page, says she “didn’t even know that there was such a thing as a peanut allergy.”

“After the initial incident where Jack ate a peanut, we had one other unexpected incident when I neglected to wipe down a supermarket shopping cart and Jack came into contact with the used wrapper from someone’s peanut butter crackers,” she says. “Who would ever think you’d have to worry about a jar of jelly which someone had stuck a knife with peanut butter into?”

One of the most widely supported explanations for the increase in peanut allergies is the “hygiene hypothesis,” says Ellen Sher, who heads the allergy and immunology section of Unterberg Children’s Hospital at Monmouth Medical Center in Long Branch, and is medical director of Atlantic Allergy, Asthma and Immunology Associates of New Jersey.

This theory suggests that today’s ultra-clean society, in which children don’t contract as many serious diseases as they once did, has caused the body to reset its immune system and develop other types of antibodies.

“Studies of global populations with a historically low incidence of peanut allergies, which include groups such as the Amish and some Polish communities that rely on old-fashioned farming methods, have led researchers to conclude that exposure to nature and, particularly, to the endotoxins present in the fecal matter of livestock, have protective qualities against developing allergies,” Sher says.

“Westernized countries worldwide have lost much of that natural shield as a function of their increasing industrialization.”

At the same time, she says, chemical exposure, the greater use of antibiotics, kids spending increased hours indoors and the depletion of the ozone layer have reduced our immunity and contributed to the increased prevalence of allergies in general.

A HUGE ‘LEAP’ FORWARD

When it comes to allergies, Sher says a person’s most vulnerable time of life is early on, “when cells are deciding whether to be allergic or not, a process which may even occur in utero.”

Nearly two decades ago, medical organizations armed with that knowledge — including the American Academy of Pediatrics; the American Academy of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology; and the American College of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology — recommended that children not be introduced to peanuts or tree nuts until at least age 3, when a child’s gastrointestinal tract is more developed. The incidence of peanut allergies, however, kept growing.

Now, a promising new theory tied to the results of a five-year British clinical study published in the New England Journal of Medicine in February 2015 is providing insights that challenge the avoidance-based approach.

Called the LEAP (Learning Early About Peanut Allergy) study, and championed by lead investigator Gideon Lack, a professor at King’s College London, the research pivoted off the fact that Jewish children in the United Kingdom exhibited a 10 times greater incidence of peanut allergies than children in Israel of the same ancestry. It was learned that the Israeli children routinely consumed a peanut snack called Bamba, which led researchers to suspect that the early introduction of peanuts in a child’s development might hold the key to increasing their tolerance.

The LEAP study involved hundreds of kids, ages 4 months to 10 months, who were considered at high risk for developing peanut allergies. During the study, half followed the current standard of care (avoidance of peanuts until after age 3) and half received two grams of peanut protein three times a week, consistently, for five years. Results indicated that nearly 14 percent of the kids following the avoidance method ultimately became peanut allergic, while only 1.7 percent of the group who’d received regular peanut protein developed a peanut allergy by age 5.

“The kids following the avoidance method were eight times more likely to develop a peanut allergy,” Sher says. “The takeaway is that evidence suggests the early and regular introduction of peanuts into a child’s diet may alter their immune system and help them build up a tolerance.”

In the second phase of the study, conducted by the same group of researchers and published in the New England Journal of Medicine in March, children who regularly received peanut protein throughout the first phase of the study were then not given it for a year to see if the effects would last for another year.

The results? “Though there was a decrease in one particular antibody that protects against peanut allergy, the effects did last for another year,” Sher says. “This reveals that the kids’ four to five years of peanut consumption was sufficient to induce a stable unresponsiveness to peanuts after they stopped consuming them, though there are possibly benefits to keeping peanuts in their diet.”
MANAGING THE CONDITION

While the medical community digests the results of these studies and likely will integrate them into guidelines for future generations, children who are dealing with peanut allergies are left to vigilant management.

“Once you’re allergic to peanuts, you can’t do much more than strictly avoid them,” says Sher, “which includes washing your hands, reading labels and avoiding foods that you don’t know the origins of,” as well as learning how peanuts can often be hidden in foods.

“A peanut allergy is a shock and can be overwhelming, but as you live with it, you develop your own set of coping mechanisms,” Hicks says.

Though Emi Southgate’s peanut allergy (also shared by her 3-year-old sister Mari) “has affected what we can eat or keep in the house,” says her mother, Mishuku, the family has developed a good routine and mindset.

“The girls’ peanut allergies are a constant concern, particularly if we accidentally leave the EpiPen home when we travel, but Emi now asks about things before she eats them or has someone read a label to her, and she understands that this is something she needs to worry about and guard against that her friends don’t,” says Mishuku Southgate.

Jack Page agrees that he’s also gotten to a comfort zone with his allergy. “It’s about being proactive and looking around to see what could be a problem because you can’t be sure that a food is 100 percent safe,” he says.

“I’ll never purposely eat anything with peanuts and I always have my EpiPen on hand,” Jack says. “It’s become second nature.”

On the positive side, both Sher and Hicks agree that managing this condition has become easier for kids, thanks to strength in numbers. “There’s so much more awareness of the issue and support at schools, as well as better labeling of products and more peanut-free products available,” Sher says.

“The real goal is having kids develop tolerance to peanuts, so that if they get exposed, they won’t react now — or years later,” says Hicks, who notes that research is being done on the role that Chinese herbs may play, as well as the combined use of probiotics and peanut protein to build tolerance. In the United States and Europe, researchers are also looking at the effects on long-term tolerance levels of administering peanut protein to children orally, as well as via patches.

“It’s exciting to think that new research may someday get us to the point where we don’t have to worry about peanut allergies anymore,” Mishuku Southgate says.
MORE FROM INSIDE JERSEY MAGAZINE

An interesting article on anaphylaxis from the USA. There are many first aid studies going on around the world to try and figure out why anaphylaxis has become such a big issue. We will make sure that you are trained in our first aid courses in Canberra on how to use the epipen and discuss other treatments and information about anaphylaxis. So don’t hesitate book in to one of our first aid courses as soon as you can.

A TEENAGE cadet put her first aid skills into practice after her dad was covered in shattered glass during a fall.

Jessica Lapslie, 14, of Chase Gardens, Westcliff, calmly rushed to help her dad Edward after glass shards become wedged in his hand and face.

He was adjusting a glass cooker hood, which had caused the electricity to go off at the family home, when he slipped and fell from a kitchen unit onto the floor.

The glass hood became detached and fell with him, breaking on impact and scattering glass fragments across the kitchen.

Edward landed on his right side, with broken glass embedded in his hand and cheek.

Jessica, a St John Ambulance cadet based at the Hawkwell and Hockley unit, was at home at the time and took control of the situation.

She manoeuvred her dad into a chair, reassured him, and told him the glass should not be removed- something she remembered from her first aid training.

Some of the fragments in his hand were very close to vital tendons, and there was also a lot of blood around the wounds.

Jessica knew her painter and decorator father could not afford to damage his tendons.

She bandaged his hand, held it upright and insisted he went to A&E so the glass could be taken out properly.

Proud mum Julie said Jessica kept the family calm during the stressful ordeal.

She said: “Jessica was absolutely brilliant in what could have been a very serious incident. She put the first aid she has been learning from St John Ambulance over the past three years into practice and kept her dad calm.

“Fortunately the injuries he sustained were minimised thanks to her quick thinking. We’re both so proud of her.”

Ian Callaghan, St John Ambulance’s youth manager in the East of England, said Jessica is a great example of why it’s so important young people know first aid.

He said: “We are extremely proud of Jessica’s actions helping her dad. This is a great example of the benefits of young people learning first aid skills.”

Janice Elderton-Lewis, manager of the Hawkwell and Hockley Cadet unit, added: “At times Jessica has worked alongside the youth team at the Hawkwell and Hockley unit, helping to support and teach other cadets to enhance their knowledge as well as her own.

Great use of first aid skills by a junior member of the community. One day she will be running first aid courses much like we do at Canberra First Aid. Well done to her parents for signing her up to a program so great. If only in Australia they had a similar first aid courses which helped school students get trained over a longer period of time.

St. John Ambulance Eastern Regional staffing officer Eunice Mugendi has asked the Ministry of Education to introduce first aid lessons into the school curriculum.

Mugendi said that making the classes mandatory would save lives as more Kenyans will know what to do in the event of a crisis. She went on to explain that a large number of accident victims die because first responders manage them wrongly.

The St. John Ambulance official adds that with the numerous fire outbreaks in schools, first aid training is vital as it would ensure that students are able to respond in a proper manner.
Regional Executive Officer Nelson Mwaniki says that the St John Training Competition, which is an annual event, seeks to equip and enhance competence in responding to emergencies and accidents. Mwaniki says that the skills imparted to students will have a ripple effect to the communities and to the country at large.

The two were speaking at Don Bosco High School during the regional inter-schools first aid competition – a contest that drew competitors from schools in Embu, Tharaka and Kirinyaga counties.

Great move from the Kenyans. It is vial that schools have first aid courses so that students can gain the basic life support procedures. First aid in third world countries is starting to have an affect with India leading the way.

Book into a first aid course with us at canberra first aid now.

The AFL sets the skills required by trainers at community football games.

Those who have com­pleted the AFL emergency res­ponse co-ordinator, or ERC qualification meet the minimum standard, and at least one person with those skills must attend all ­senior and youth matches.

But SMA chief Anthony Merrilees believes a Level 1 Sports Trainer ­accreditation should ­become the minimum requirement.

Equivalent qualifications are listed by the AFL as the recommended level of training, but are not compulsory.

In particular, Merrilees said SMA would advocate for a minimum of between 8-16 hours face-to-face instruction for trainers, coupled with “a lot of ­online learning”.

“I don’t think (the ERC training is) adequate and it’s got to do with the number of hours (to get the qualification) and the practical training and the circumstances you might come up against,” Merrilees said.

“When you’ve had someone who’s had a really serious head knock, a serious spinal injury or, worst case scenario, you have someone who is having cardiac arrest either as a participant or as a spectator on the field, that’s when you need to have the confidence to be able to respond and respond appropriately.

“Basically the more hours you get practically doing that increases your capacity to ­respond. So decreasing the hours, in my opinion, is ­compromising the ability of people to respond and really giving them no greater qualification than real common sense, and I don’t think that’s adding a lot to the equation.”

Merrilees said while SMA was consulted about the courses “generally we would like to see people having a much higher level of qualification at the community sports level”.

The AFL’s policy says that qualified sports trainers must be present at all community matches, and must be competent in a number of areas, including on-field assessment of injured participants which includes man­aging severe injuries and life-threatening medical emergencies.

The ERC course takes about three hours, but participants must already hold an approved first aid ­certificate.

To make the Level 1 Sports Trainer course more accessible for “time-poor volunteers”, Merrilees said SMA tried to keep it to eight hours training coupled with online training.

“Rather than people say we can’t afford it, this is all too ­difficult, we’re better off ­looking at solutions of how we can overcome these hurdles rather than throwing our hands up in the air and saying ‘too difficult, we shouldn’t do it’, because we should.”

An AFL spokesman said it took player welfare very seriously and was concerned about all injuries at all levels of football.

“The AFL’s current policies are designed to ensure our participants enjoy the safest possible environment in which to play,” the spokesman said.

“The AFL would consider any proposal from SMA on how we can enhance the skills of volunteer sports trainers at community level.”

However, AFL Queensland Community Competitions Rules and Regulations stipulates that trainers “must have the minimum of a Level 1 Sports Trainer qualification or equivalent”.

Yes, there is a struggle to get people to commit to a days worth of training in all areas including sports training and first aid. We need to somehow entice more people to go to these courses. The information needs to be spread so that people understand having these skills is not only good for when they are at work or sports events but for general everyday life.